An African origin for Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium bovis; and; Mycobacterium caprae; are two of the most important agents of tuberculosis in livestock and the most important causes of zoonotic tuberculosis in humans. However, little is known about the global population structure, phylogeography and evolutionary history of these pathogens.; We compiled a global collection of 3364 whole-genome sequences from; M.bovis; and; M.caprae; originating from 35 countries and inferred their phylogenetic relationships, geographic origins and age.; Our results resolved the phylogenetic relationship among the four previously defined clonal complexes of; M.bovis; , and another eight newly described here. Our phylogeographic analysis showed that; M.bovis; likely originated in East Africa. While some groups remained restricted to East and West Africa, others have subsequently dispersed to different parts of the world.; Our results allow a better understanding of the global population structure of; M.bovis; and its evolutionary history. This knowledge can be used to define better molecular markers for epidemiological investigations of; M.bovis; in settings where whole-genome sequencing cannot easily be implemented.; During the last few years, analyses of large globally representative collections of whole-genome sequences (WGS) from the human-adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) lineages have enhanced our understanding of the global population structure, phylogeography and evolutionary history of these pathogens. In contrast, little corresponding data exists for M. bovis, the most important agent of tuberculosis in livestock. Using whole-genome sequences of globally distributed M. bovis isolates, we inferred the genetic relationships among different M. bovis genotypes distributed around the world. The most likely origin of M. bovis is East Africa according to our inferences. While some M. bovis groups remained restricted to East and West Africa, others have subsequently dispersed to different parts of the world driven by cattle movements.