edoc

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Dicker, Daniel and Nguyen, Grant and Abate, Degu and Abate, Kalkidan Hassen and Abay, Solomon M and Abbafati, Cristiana and Abbasi, Nooshin and Abbastabar, Hedayat and Abd-Allah, Foad and Abdela, Jemal and Abdelalim, Ahmed and Abdel-Rahman, Omar and Abdi, Alireza and Abdollahpour, Ibrahim and Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi and Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi and Abebe, Haftom Temesgen and Abebe, Molla and Abebe, Zegeye and Abebo, Teshome Abuka and Aboyans, Victor and Abraha, Haftom Niguse and Abrham, Aklilu Roba and Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME and Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou and Acharya, Pawan and Adebayo, Oladimeji M and Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi and Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji and Adekanmbi, Victor and Adetokunboh, Olatunji O and Adhena, Beyene Meressa and Adhikari, Tara Ballav and Adib, Mina G and Adou, Arsène Kouablan and Adsuar, Jose C and Afarideh, Mohsen and Afshin, Ashkan and Agarwal, Gina and Aggarwal, Rakesh and Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi and Agrawal, Sutapa and Agrawal, Anurag and Ahmadi, Mehdi and Ahmadi, Alireza and Ahmadieh, Hamid and Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim and Ahmed, Sayem and Ahmed, Muktar Beshir and Aichour, Amani Nidhal and Aichour, Ibtihel and Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine and Akanda, Ali S and Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil and Akibu, Mohammed and Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola and Akinyemiju, Tomi and Akseer, Nadia and Alahdab, Fares and Al-Aly, Ziyad and Alam, Khurshid and Alebel, Animut and Aleman, Alicia V and Alene, Kefyalew Addis and Al-Eyadhy, Ayman and Ali, Raghib and Alijanzadeh, Mehran and Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza and Aljunid, Syed Mohamed and Alkerwi, Ala'a and Alla, François and Allebeck, Peter and Allen, Christine A and Alonso, Jordi and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M and Alsharif, Ubai and Altirkawi, Khalid and Alvis-Guzman, Nelson and Amare, Azmeraw T and Amini, Erfan and Ammar, Walid and Amoako, Yaw Ampem and Anber, Nahla Hamed and Andrei, Catalina Liliana and Androudi, Sofia and Animut, Megbaru Debalkie and Anjomshoa, Mina and Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem and Ansari, Hossein and Ansariadi, Ansariadi and Ansha, Mustafa Geleto and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T and Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw and Aremu, Olatunde and Areri, Habtamu Abera and Ärnlöv, Johan and Arora, Megha and Artaman, Al and Aryal, Krishna K and Asadi-Lari, Mohsen and Asayesh, Hamid and Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay and Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal and Assadi, Reza and Ataro, Zerihun and Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari and Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin and Atique, Suleman and Atre, Sachin R and Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan and Attia, Engi F and Ausloos, Marcel and Avila-Burgos, Leticia and Avokpaho, Euripide F G A and Awasthi, Ashish and Awuah, Baffour and Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina and Ayele, Henok Tadesse and Ayele, Yohanes and Ayer, Rakesh and Ayuk, Tambe B and Azzopardi, Peter S and Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha and Badali, Hamid and Badawi, Alaa and Balakrishnan, Kalpana and Bali, Ayele Geleto and Banach, Maciej and Banstola, Amrit and Barac, Aleksandra and Barboza, Miguel A and Barquera, Simon and Barrero, Lope H and Basaleem, Huda and Bassat, Quique and Basu, Arindam and Basu, Sanjay and Baune, Bernhard T and Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad and Bedi, Neeraj and Beghi, Ettore and Behzadifar, Masoud and Behzadifar, Meysam and Béjot, Yannick and Bekele, Bayu Begashaw and Belachew, Abate Bekele and Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus and Belay, Ezra and Belay, Saba Abraham and Belay, Yihalem Abebe and Bell, Michelle L and Bello, Aminu K and Bennett, Derrick A and Bensenor, Isabela M and Berhane, Adugnaw and Berman, Adam E and Bernabe, Eduardo and Bernstein, Robert S and Bertolacci, Gregory J and Beuran, Mircea and Beyranvand, Tina and Bhala, Neeraj and Bhatia, Eesh and Bhatt, Samir and Bhattarai, Suraj and Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Biadgo, Belete and Bijani, Ali and Bikbov, Boris and Bililign, Nigus and Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat and Birlik, Sait Mentes and Birungi, Charles and Bisanzio, Donal and Biswas, Tuhin and Bjørge, Tone and Bleyer, Archie and Basara, Berrak Bora and Bose, Dipan and Bosetti, Cristina and Boufous, Soufiane and Bourne, Rupert and Brady, Oliver J and Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi and Brant, Luisa C and Brazinova, Alexandra and Breitborde, Nicholas J K and Brenner, Hermann and Britton, Gabrielle and Brugha, Traolach and Burke, Kristin E and Busse, Reinhard and Butt, Zahid A and Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero and Callender, Charlton S K H and Campos-Nonato, Ismael R and Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar and Cano, Jorge and Car, Mate and Cárdenas, Rosario and Carreras, Giulia and Carrero, Juan J and Carter, Austin and Carvalho, Félix and Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A and Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline and Castro, Franz and Catalá-López, Ferrán and Çavlin, Alanur and Cerin, Ester and Chaiah, Yazan and Champs, Ana Paula and Chang, Hsing-Yi and Chang, Jung-Chen and Chattopadhyay, Aparajita and Chaturvedi, Pankaj and Chen, Wanqing and Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia and Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel and Chin, Ken Lee and Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe and Chitheer, Abdulaal and Choi, Jee-Young J and Christensen, Hanne and Christopher, Devasahayam J and Chung, Sheng-Chia and Cicuttini, Flavia M and Ciobanu, Liliana G and Cirillo, Massimo and Claro, Rafael M and Cohen, Aaron J and Collado-Mateo, Daniel and Constantin, Maria-Magdalena and Conti, Sara and Cooper, Cyrus and Cooper, Leslie Trumbull and Cortesi, Paolo Angelo and Cortinovis, Monica and Cousin, Ewerton and Criqui, Michael H and Cromwell, Elizabeth A and Crowe, Christopher Stephen and Crump, John A and Cucu, Alexandra and Cunningham, Matthew and Daba, Alemneh Kabeta and Dachew, Berihun Assefa and Dadi, Abel Fekadu and Dandona, Lalit and Dandona, Rakhi and Dang, Anh Kim and Dargan, Paul I and Daryani, Ahmad and Das, Siddharth K and Das Gupta, Rajat and das Neves, José and Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye and Dash, Aditya Prasad and Weaver, Nicole Davis and Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil and Davletov, Kairat and Dayama, Anand and Courten, Barbora de and De la Hoz, Fernando Pio and De leo, Diego and De Neve, Jan-Walter and Degefa, Meaza Girma and Degenhardt, Louisa and Degfie, Tizta T and Deiparine, Selina and Dellavalle, Robert P and Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam and Demtsu, Balem Betsu and Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar and Deribe, Kebede and Dervenis, Nikolaos and Des Jarlais, Don C and Dessie, Getenet Ayalew and Dey, Subhojit and Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda and Dhimal, Meghnath and Ding, Eric L and Djalalinia, Shirin and Doku, David Teye and Dolan, Kate A and Donnelly, Christl A and Dorsey, E Ray and Douwes-Schultz, Dirk and Doyle, Kerrie E and Drake, Thomas M and Driscoll, Tim Robert and Dubey, Manisha and Dubljanin, Eleonora and Duken, Eyasu Ejeta and Duncan, Bruce B and Duraes, Andre R and Ebrahimi, Hedyeh and Ebrahimpour, Soheil and Edessa, Dumessa and Edvardsson, David and Eggen, Anne Elise and El Bcheraoui, Charbel and El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa and Elfaramawi, Mohammed and El-Khatib, Ziad and Ellingsen, Christian Lycke and Elyazar, Iqbal R F and Enayati, Ahmadali and Endries, Aman Yesuf Yesuf and Er, Benjamin and Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich and Eshrati, Babak and Eskandarieh, Sharareh and Esmaeili, Reza and Esteghamati, Alireza and Esteghamati, Sadaf and Fakhar, Mahdi and Fakhim, Hamed and Farag, Tamer and Faramarzi, Mahbobeh and Fareed, Mohammad and Farhadi, Farzaneh and Farid, Talha A and Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá and Farioli, Andrea and Faro, Andre and Farvid, Maryam S and Farzadfar, Farshad and Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein and Fazeli, Mir Sohail and Feigin, Valery L and Feigl, Andrea B and Feizy, Fariba and Fentahun, Netsanet and Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad and Fernandes, Eduarda and Fernandes, Joao C and Feyissa, Garumma Tolu and Fijabi, Daniel Obadare and Filip, Irina and Finegold, Samuel and Fischer, Florian and Flor, Luisa Sorio and Foigt, Nataliya A and Ford, John A and Foreman, Kyle J and Fornari, Carla and Frank, Tahvi D and Franklin, Richard Charles and Fukumoto, Takeshi and Fuller, John E and Fullman, Nancy and Fürst, Thomas and Furtado, João M and Futran, Neal D and Galan, Adriana and Gallus, Silvano and Gambashidze, Ketevan and Gamkrelidze, Amiran and Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho and Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L and Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A and Gebre, Teshome and Gebre, Abadi Kahsu and Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe and Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde and Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay and Gelano, Tilayie Feto and Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Genova-Maleras, Ricard and Gessner, Bradford D and Getachew, Sefonias and Gething, Peter W and Gezae, Kebede Embaye and Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul and Ghadimi, Reza and Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil and Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam and Ghiasvand, Hesam and Ghimire, Mamata and Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal and Gill, Paramjit Singh and Gill, Tiffany K and Gillum, Richard F and Giussani, Giorgia and Goenka, Shifalika and Goli, Srinivas and Gomez, Ricardo Santiago and Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen and Gómez-Dantés, Hector and Gona, Philimon N and Goodridge, Amador and Gopalani, Sameer Vali and Goto, Atsushi and Goulart, Alessandra C and Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia and Grada, Ayman and Grosso, Giuseppe and Gugnani, Harish Chander and Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena and Guo, Yuming and Gupta, Prakash C and Gupta, Rahul and Gupta, Rajeev and Gupta, Tanush and Gyawali, Bishal and Haagsma, Juanita A and Hachinski, Vladimir and Hafezi-Nejad, Nima and Hagos, Tekleberhan B and Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa and Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa and Haj-Mirzaian, Arya and Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin and Hamadeh, Randah R and Hamidi, Samer and Handal, Alexis J and Hankey, Graeme J and Harb, Hilda L and Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai and Haririan, Hamidreza and Haro, Josep Maria and Hasan, Mehedi and Hassankhani, Hadi and Hassen, Hamid Yimam and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hay, Roderick J and Hay, Simon I and He, Yihua and Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar and Hegazy, Mohamed I and Heibati, Behzad and Heidari, Mohsen and Hendrie, Delia and Henok, Andualem and Henry, Nathaniel J and Heredia-Pi, Ileana and Herteliu, Claudiu and Heydarpour, Fatemeh and Heydarpour, Pouria and Heydarpour, Sousan and Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw and Hoek, Hans W and Hole, Michael K and Homaie Rad, Enayatollah and Hoogar, Praveen and Horino, Masako and Hosgood, H Dean and Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa and Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi and Hostiuc, Sorin and Hostiuc, Mihaela and Hotez, Peter J and Hoy, Damian G and Hsairi, Mohamed and Htet, Aung Soe and Hu, Guoqing and Huang, John J and Husseini, Abdullatif and Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama and Hutfless, Susan and Iburg, Kim Moesgaard and Igumbor, Ehimario U and Ikeda, Chad Thomas and Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen and Iqbal, Usman and Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi and Isehunwa, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi and Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Islami, Farhad and Jahangiry, Leila and Jahanmehr, Nader and Jain, Rajesh and Jain, Sudhir Kumar and Jakovljevic, Mihajlo and James, Spencer L and Javanbakht, Mehdi and Jayaraman, Sudha and Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra and Jee, Sun Ha and Jeemon, Panniyammakal and Jha, Ravi Prakash and Jha, Vivekanand and Ji, John S and Johnson, Sarah Charlotte and Jonas, Jost B and Joshi, Ankur and Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy and Jungari, Suresh Banayya and Jürisson, Mikk and K, Madhanraj and Kabir, Zubair and Kadel, Rajendra and Kahsay, Amaha and Kahssay, Molla and Kalani, Rizwan and Kapil, Umesh and Karami, Manoochehr and Karami Matin, Behzad and Karch, André and Karema, Corine and Karimi, Narges and Karimi, Seyed M and Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza and Kasaeian, Amir and Kassa, Getachew Mullu and Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale and Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes and Kassebaum, Nicholas J and Katibeh, Marzieh and Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal and Kaul, Anil and Kawakami, Norito and Kazemeini, Hossein and Kazemi, Zhila and Karyani, Ali Kazemi and K C, Prakash and Kebede, Seifu and Keiyoro, Peter Njenga and Kemp, Grant Rodgers and Kengne, Andre Pascal and Keren, Andre and Kereselidze, Maia and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif and Khajavi, Alireza and Khalid, Nauman and Khalil, Ibrahim A and Khan, Ejaz Ahmad and Khan, Gulfaraz and Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb and Khan, Muhammad Ali and Khang, Young-Ho and Khanna, Tripti and Khater, Mona M and Khatony, Alireza and Khazaie, Habibolah and Khoja, Abdullah T and Khosravi, Ardeshir and Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein and Khubchandani, Jagdish and Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A and Kibret, Getiye D Dejenu and Kim, Cho-il and Kim, Daniel and Kim, Jun Y and Kim, Young-Eun and Kimokoti, Ruth W and Kinfu, Yohannes and Kinra, Sanjay and Kisa, Adnan and Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna and Kissoon, Niranjan and Kivimäki, Mika and Kleber, Marcus E and Knibbs, Luke D and Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo and Kochhar, Sonali and Kokubo, Yoshihiro and Kolola, Tufa and Kopec, Jacek A and Kosek, Margaret N and Kosen, Soewarta and Koul, Parvaiz A and Koyanagi, Ai and Kravchenko, Michael A and Krishan, Kewal and Krishnaswami, Sanjay and Kuate Defo, Barthelemy and Kucuk Bicer, Burcu and Kudom, Andreas A and Kuipers, Ernst J and Kulikoff, Xie Rachel and Kumar, G Anil and Kumar, Manasi and Kumar, Pushpendra and Kumsa, Fekede Asefa and Kutz, Michael J and Lad, Sheetal D and Lafranconi, Alessandra and Lal, Dharmesh Kumar and Lalloo, Ratilal and Lam, Hilton and Lami, Faris Hasan and Lan, Qing and Langan, Sinéad M and Lansingh, Van C and Lansky, Sonia and Larson, Heidi Jane and Laryea, Dennis Odai and Lassi, Zohra S and Latifi, Arman and Lavados, Pablo M and Laxmaiah, Avula and Lazarus, Jeffrey V and Lebedev, Georgy and Lee, Paul H and Leigh, James and Leshargie, Cheru Tesema and Leta, Samson and Levi, Miriam and Li, Shanshan and Li, Yichong and Li, Xiaohong and Liang, Juan and Liang, Xiaofeng and Liben, Misgan Legesse and Lim, Lee-Ling and Lim, Stephen S and Limenih, Miteku Andualem and Linn, Shai and Liu, Shiwei and Liu, Yang and Lodha, Rakesh and Logroscino, Giancarlo and Lonsdale, Chris and Lorch, Scott A and Lorkowski, Stefan and Lotufo, Paulo A and Lozano, Rafael and Lucas, Tim C D and Lunevicius, Raimundas and Lyons, Ronan A and Ma, Stefan and Mabika, Crispin and Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King and Mackay, Mark T and Maddison, Emilie R and Maddison, Ralph and Madotto, Fabiana and Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan and Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed and Maghavani, Dhaval P and Majdan, Marek and Majdzadeh, Reza and Majeed, Azeem and Malekzadeh, Reza and Malik, Manzoor Ahmad and Malta, Deborah Carvalho and Mamun, Abdullah A and Manamo, Wondimu Ayele and Manda, Ana-Laura and Mansournia, Mohammad Ali and Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni and Mapoma, Chabila Christopher and Marami, Dadi and Maravilla, Joemer C and Marcenes, Wagner and Marina, Shakhnazarova and Martinez-Raga, Jose and Martins, Sheila C O and Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio and März, Winfried and Marzan, Melvin B and Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa and Masiye, Felix and Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard and Maulik, Pallab K and Mazidi, Mohsen and McGrath, John J and McKee, Martin and Mehata, Suresh and Mehendale, Sanjay Madhav and Mehndiratta, Man Mohan and Mehrotra, Ravi and Mehta, Kala M and Mehta, Varshil and Mekonen, Tesfa and Mekonnen, Tefera Chane and Meles, Hagazi Gebre and Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam and Melese, Addisu and Melku, Mulugeta and Memiah, Peter T N and Memish, Ziad A and Mendoza, Walter and Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese and Mengistu, Getnet and Mensah, George A and Mereta, Seid Tiku and Meretoja, Atte and Meretoja, Tuomo J and Mestrovic, Tomislav and Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane and Miangotar, Yode and Miazgowski, Bartosz and Miazgowski, Tomasz and Miller, Ted R and Mini, G K and Mirica, Andreea and Mirrakhimov, Erkin M and Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen and Moazen, Babak and Moges, Nurilign Abebe and Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin and Mohammadi, Moslem and Mohammadifard, Noushin and Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam and Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa and Mohammed, Shafiu and Mohammed, Mohammed A and Mohan, Viswanathan and Mokdad, Ali H and Molokhia, Mariam and Monasta, Lorenzo and Moradi, Ghobad and Moradi, Mahmoudreza and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moradinazar, Mehdi and Moraga, Paula and Morawska, Lidia and Moreno Velásquez, Ilais and Morgado-da-Costa, Joana and Morrison, Shane Douglas and Mosapour, Abbas and Moschos, Marilita M and Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam and Muche, Achenef Asmamaw and Muchie, Kindie Fentahun and Mueller, Ulrich Otto and Mukhopadhyay, Satinath and Mullany, Erin C and Muller, Kate and Murhekar, Manoj and Murphy, Tasha B and Murthy, G V S and Murthy, Srinivas and Musa, Jonah and Musa, Kamarul Imran and Mustafa, Ghulam and Muthupandian, Saravanan and Nachega, Jean B and Nagel, Gabriele and Naghavi, Mohsen and Naheed, Aliya and Nahvijou, Azin and Naik, Gurudatta and Nair, Sanjeev and Najafi, Farid and Nangia, Vinay and Nansseu, Jobert Richie and Nascimento, Bruno Ramos and Nawaz, Haseeb and Ncama, Busisiwe P and Neamati, Nahid and Negoi, Ionut and Negoi, Ruxandra Irina and Neupane, Subas and Newton, Charles Richard James and Ngalesoni, Frida N and Ngunjiri, Josephine W and Nguyen, Ha Thu and Nguyen, Huong Thanh and Nguyen, Long Hoang and Nguyen, Michele and Nguyen, Trang Huyen and Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini and Nirayo, Yirga Legesse and Nisar, Muhammad Imran and Nixon, Molly R and Nolutshungu, Nomonde and Nomura, Shuhei and Norheim, Ole F and Noroozi, Mehdi and Norrving, Bo and Noubiap, Jean Jacques and Nouri, Hamid Reza and Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe and Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza and Nsoesie, Elaine O and Nyasulu, Peter S and Ofori-Asenso, Richard and Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel and Ogbo, Felix Akpojene and Oh, In-Hwan and Okoro, Anselm and Oladimeji, Olanrewaju and Olagunju, Andrew T and Olagunju, Tinuke O and Olivares, Pedro R and Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola and Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun and Ong, Sok King and Opio, John Nelson and Oren, Eyal and Ortiz, Justin R and Ortiz, Alberto and Ota, Erika and Otstavnov, Stanislav S and Øverland, Simon and Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo and Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel and P A, Mahesh and Pacella, Rosana and Pakhale, Smita and Pakhare, Abhijit P and Pana, Adrian and Panda, Basant Kumar and Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra and Pandey, Achyut Raj and Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai and Parisi, Andrea and Park, Eun-Kee and Parry, Charles D H and Parsian, Hadi and Patel, Shanti and Patle, Ajay and Patten, Scott B and Patton, George C and Paudel, Deepak and Pearce, Neil and Peprah, Emmanuel K and Pereira, Alexandre and Pereira, David M and Perez, Krystle M and Perico, Norberto and Pervaiz, Aslam and Pesudovs, Konrad and Petri, William A and Petzold, Max and Phillips, Michael R and Pigott, David M and Pillay, Julian David and Pirsaheb, Meghdad and Pishgar, Farhad and Plass, Dietrich and Polinder, Suzanne and Pond, Constance Dimity and Popova, Svetlana and Postma, Maarten J and Pourmalek, Farshad and Pourshams, Akram and Poustchi, Hossein and Prabhakaran, Dorairaj and Prakash, V and Prakash, Swayam and Prasad, Narayan and Qorbani, Mostafa and Quistberg, D Alex and Radfar, Amir and Rafay, Anwar and Rafiei, Alireza and Rahim, Fakher and Rahimi, Kazem and Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin and Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa and Rahman, Mahfuzar and Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur and Rahman, Muhammad Aziz and Rahman, Sajjad ur and Rai, Rajesh Kumar and Rajati, Fatemeh and Rajsic, Sasa and Raju, Sree Bhushan and Ram, Usha and Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal and Ranjan, Prabhat and Ranta, Anna and Rasella, Davide and Rawaf, David Laith and Rawaf, Salman and Ray, Sarah E and Razo-García, Christian and Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago and Rehm, Jürgen and Reiner, Robert C and Reinig, Nickolas and Reis, Cesar and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Renzaho, Andre M N and Resnikoff, Serge and Rezaei, Satar and Rezaeian, Shahab and Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh and Riahi, Seyed Mohammad and Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P and Riojas, Horacio and Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus and Roba, Kedir Teji and Robinson, Stephen R and Roever, Leonardo and Ronfani, Luca and Roshandel, Gholamreza and Roshchin, Denis O and Rostami, Ali and Rothenbacher, Dietrich and Rubagotti, Enrico and Ruhago, George Mugambage and Saadat, Soheil and Sabde, Yogesh Damodar and Sachdev, Perminder S and Saddik, Basema and Sadeghi, Ehsan and Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi and Safari, Hosein and Safari, Yahya and Safari-Faramani, Roya and Safdarian, Mahdi and Safi, Sare and Safiri, Saeid and Sagar, Rajesh and Sahebkar, Amirhossein and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Sajadi, Haniye Sadat and Salahshoor, Mohamadreza and Salam, Nasir and Salama, Joseph S and Salamati, Payman and Saldanha, Raphael de Freitas and Salimi, Yahya and Salimzadeh, Hamideh and Salz, Inbal and Sambala, Evanson Zondani and Samy, Abdallah M and Sanabria, Juan and Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores and Santos, Itamar S and Santos, João Vasco and Santric Milicevic, Milena M and Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi and Sardana, Mayank and Sarker, Abdur Razzaque and Sarrafzadegan, Nizal and Sartorius, Benn and Sarvi, Shahabeddin and Sathian, Brijesh and Satpathy, Maheswar and Savic, Miloje and Sawant, Arundhati R and Sawhney, Monika and Saxena, Sonia and Sayyah, Mehdi and Scaria, Vinod and Schaeffner, Elke and Schelonka, Kathryn and Schmidt, Maria Inês and Schneider, Ione J C and Schöttker, Ben and Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth and Schwebel, David C and Schwendicke, Falk and Scott, James G and Sekerija, Mario and Sepanlou, Sadaf G and Serván-Mori, Edson and Shabaninejad, Hosein and Shackelford, Katya Anne and Shafieesabet, Azadeh and Shaheen, Amira A and Shaikh, Masood Ali and Shakir, Raad A and Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran and Shamsi, MohammadBagher and Shamsizadeh, Morteza and Sharafi, Heidar and Sharafi, Kiomars and Sharif, Mehdi and Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi and Sharma, Meenakshi and Sharma, Jayendra and Sharma, Rajesh and She, Jun and Sheikh, Aziz and Sheth, Kevin N and Shi, Peilin and Shibuya, Kenji and Shifa, Girma Temam and Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay and Shigematsu, Mika and Shiri, Rahman and Shirkoohi, Reza and Shiue, Ivy and Shokraneh, Farhad and Shrime, Mark G and Shukla, Sharvari Rahul and Si, Si and Siabani, Soraya and Siddiqi, Tariq J and Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora and Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig and Silpakit, Naris and Silva, Diego Augusto Santos and Silva, João Pedro and Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves and Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata and Singh, Jasvinder A and Singh, Virendra and Sinha, Anju Pradhan and Sinha, Dhirendra Narain and Sitas, Freddy and Skirbekk, Vegard and Sliwa, Karen and Soares Filho, Adauto Martins and Sobaih, Badr Hasan and Sobhani, Soheila and Soofi, Moslem and Soriano, Joan B and Soyiri, Ireneous N and Sposato, Luciano A and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T and Srinivasan, Vinay and Srivastava, Rakesh Kumar and Starodubov, Vladimir I and Stathopoulou, Vasiliki and Steel, Nicholas and Stein, Dan J and Steiner, Caitlyn and Stewart, Leo G and Stokes, Mark A and Sudaryanto, Agus and Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale and Sulo, Gerhard and Sunguya, Bruno F and Sur, Patrick John and Sutradhar, Ipsita and Sykes, Bryan L and Sylaja, P N and Sylte, Dillon O and Szoeke, Cassandra E I and Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael and Tabuchi, Takahiro and Tadakamadla, Santosh 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Alan D and Gakidou, Emmanuela and Murray, Christopher J L. (2018) Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392 (10159). pp. 1684-1735.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:
Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.
METHODS:
The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.
FINDINGS:
Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.
INTERPRETATION:
This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing.
Faculties and Departments:09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) > Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH) > Health Interventions > Malaria Interventions (Lengeler)
09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) > Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH) > Household Economics and Health Systems Research > Household Health Systems (Mäusezahl)
UniBasel Contributors:Fürst, Thomas
Item Type:Article, refereed
Article Subtype:Research Article
Publisher:Elsevier
ISSN:0140-6736
e-ISSN:1474-547X
Note:Publication type according to Uni Basel Research Database: Journal article
Language:English
Identification Number:
edoc DOI:
Last Modified:09 Apr 2019 15:06
Deposited On:21 Dec 2018 09:27

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