Claiming space, when Muslim women of marginalised social housing neighbourhoods declare themselves citizens

After the attacks against Charlie Hebdo in January 2015, the slogan "I am Charlie " ( Je suis Charlie ) spread all over the world through social media and was everywhere on banners during the demonstration that followed nationwide, in which 400,000 people participated (Houllier-Guibert, 2016). Islamophobia or generalised anti-Muslim feelings increased concerningly in this period (Beaman, 2021), a rift was formed between, on the one hand, Republican France ("us") and, on the other hand, Muslims ("them") and the marginalised areas they were associated with (Niang, 2019). " Charlie " came to be synonymous with freedom, equality, democracy, and laïcité , while those that were opposed to Charlie were associated with obscurantism, barbarism and violence. As a result, Muslims in France could not make themselves heard. Spivak's expression that subalterns cannot speak resonates therefore very strongly with the quote above.