Effects of childhood life events on adjustment problems in adolescence: A longitudinal study

Objectives: Stressful life events (SLEs) have been associated with adjustment problems in ado- lescence (APA) in cross-sectional studies. Using a longitudinal cohort, we examined the influence of these events and predefined covariates on APA and compared internalizing and externalizing trajectories among children with many versus few SLEs. Methods: Data were obtained from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. One thousand three hundred sixty-four children and their families were followed from child's birth until age 15 years. Adjustment problems at age 15 years were defined as high ( > 60 T-score) internalizing and/or externalizing problems on the Youth Self-Report and Child Behavior Checklist. Stressful life events were evaluated at 54 months, and third and fifth grade. Categories created by mixture model analyses for covariates were used in logistic regressions to predict adjustment problems. Results: Mothers reported higher rates of adjustment problems than adolescents (21.1% vs 16.3%; p < 0.0001). Adjustment problems were associated with more SLEs (odds ratio [OR] 5 1.7; p 5 0.0042), male sex (OR 5 1.9; p 5 0.001), child's high emotional reactivity (OR 5 1.6; p 5 0.01), and paternal depression (OR 5 2.1; p 5 0.0165). Analysis using the mother's report of adjustment problems showed the same predictors, as well as lower maternal education level (OR 5 3.5; p 5 0.0003), and child's friendship quality (OR 5 0.4; p 5 0.005). Higher internalizing and externalizing T-scores were apparent in children with more SLEs from 2 years of age onward ( p s < 0.0001). Conclusion: After adjusting for multiple covariates, SLEs during childhood predicted adjust- ment problems. Our results suggest that emotional reactivity and paternal depression play a role in the development of APA.