[Safety and efficacy of biologics directed against TNF-alpha and CD20 in the therapy of vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus]

While the inhibition of TNF-alpha has been shown to improve vasculitis in vitro and in animal models, the clinical evidence for the efficacy of TNF-alpha blockade in most forms of vasculitis is mainly based on case reports and case series. Randomised controlled studies have so far not shown superiority of anti-TNF-alpha agents for Wegener's granulomatosis and giant cell arteritis. Moreover, in the context of Wegener's granulomatosis, a higher frequency and severity of infections are to be expected. In refractory cases of Behçet's disease therapy of uveitis and other organ manifestations is promising. Rituximab has achieved good effects in case reports of vasculitis. Results from controlled trials are not available. Observational studies indicate that in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus, and possibly also in several instances of small vessel vasculitis, rituximab can achieve good responses. The increased frequency of severe infections under TNF-alpha blockade requires a stringent benefit and risk assessment in addition to a multidisciplinary analysis of follow-up parameters. A detailed information of the patient regarding symptoms and signs of a possible infection are a prerequisite. Due to the complexity of the field and the danger of morbidity and mortality as a consequence of vasculitis or systemic lupus erythematosus on the one hand, and of the therapy on the other, biologics should only be used to treat these disorders in institutions fully equipped and staffed for this purpose.