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Pharmacokinetic changes of psychotropic drugs in patients with liver disease : implications for dose adaptation

Schlatter, Chantal and Egger, Sabin S. and Tchambaz, Lydia and Krähenbühl, Stephan. (2009) Pharmacokinetic changes of psychotropic drugs in patients with liver disease : implications for dose adaptation. Drug safety, Vol. 32, no. 7. pp. 561-578.

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Official URL: http://edoc.unibas.ch/dok/A5261861

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Abstract

Dose adjustment of psychotropic drugs in patients with liver cirrhosis may be important as most of these drugs are predominantly eliminated by the liver and many of them are associated with dose-dependent adverse reactions. As no surrogate parameter is available to predict hepatic metabolism of drugs, dose adjustment according to pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs is proposed. Psychotropic drugs (antiepileptics, antiparkinsonian drugs, psycholeptics such as antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnosedatives, and psychoanaleptics such as antidepressants, psychostimulants and antidementia drugs) marketed in Switzerland in 2006 were therefore classified according to their hepatic extraction and/or bioavailability to predict their kinetic behaviour in patients with cirrhosis. The expected changes in hepatic metabolism predicted by pharmacokinetic properties were compared with the results from kinetic studies carried out in patients with liver disease. These studies were identified using MEDLINE searches. Of the 116 psychotropic drugs available on the Swiss market by the year 2006, only 12 were predominantly eliminated through the kidney. For five substances, no Q(0) value (the dose fraction metabolized or excreted extra-renally) could be determined because of lack of pharmacokinetic data. Of 99 drugs with predominant hepatic metabolism, 29.3% were categorized as high, 25.2% as intermediate and 38.4% as low extraction drugs, while seven substances could not be classified. Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with liver disease were available for 55 of these 99 drugs eliminated predominantly by the liver (Q(0)-value < or = 0.5). Only a few kinetic studies in patients with liver disease were found for antipsychotics, antiparkinsonian drugs and antidepressants, except for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and some newer antidepressants. The expected changes in pharmacokinetics were generally in good agreement with the changes reported in pharmacokinetic studies. For 12 drugs, the observed changes in pharmacokinetics from clinical studies were different from the changes expected based on their classification. However, for low extraction drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozymes, clearance may be reduced by up to 50%. In conclusion, the classification of drugs according to their hepatic extraction and/or bioavailability is a useful tool for dose adjustment, if information from clinical studies is lacking. There is a gap in information about pharmacokinetic changes in patients with liver cirrhosis for a large number of centrally acting drugs. Kinetic studies for centrally acting drugs with predominant hepatic metabolism should be carried out in patients with liver disease to allow precise dose recommendations for enhanced patient safety.
Faculties and Departments:03 Faculty of Medicine > Bereich Medizinische Fächer (Klinik) > Klinische Pharmakologie > Klinische Pharmakologie (Krähenbühl)
03 Faculty of Medicine > Departement Klinische Forschung > Bereich Medizinische Fächer (Klinik) > Klinische Pharmakologie > Klinische Pharmakologie (Krähenbühl)
05 Faculty of Science > Departement Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften > Ehemalige Einheiten Pharmazie > Pharmakologie (Krähenbühl)
UniBasel Contributors:Krähenbühl, Stephan
Item Type:Article, refereed
Article Subtype:Book Review
Publisher:Adis International
ISSN:0114-5916
Note:Publication type according to Uni Basel Research Database: Journal item
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Last Modified:05 Dec 2014 09:45
Deposited On:22 Mar 2012 13:39

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