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Urban onsite sanitation upgrades and synanthropic flies in Maputo, Mozambique: effects on enteric pathogen infection risks

Capone, D. and Adriano, Z. and Cumming, O. and Irish, S. R. and Knee, J. and Nala, R. and Brown, J.. (2023) Urban onsite sanitation upgrades and synanthropic flies in Maputo, Mozambique: effects on enteric pathogen infection risks. Environmental science & technology, 57. pp. 549-560.

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Official URL: https://edoc.unibas.ch/93551/

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Abstract

Synanthropic filth flies transport enteric pathogens from feces to food, which upon consumption poses an infection risk. We evaluated the effect of an onsite sanitation intervention horizontal line including fly control measures horizontal line in Maputo, Mozambique, on the risk of infection from consuming fly-contaminated food. After enumerating flies at intervention and control sites, we cultured fecal indicator bacteria, quantified gene copies for 22 enteric pathogens via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and developed quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models to estimate annual risks of infection attributable to fly-contaminated foods. We found that the intervention reduced fly counts at latrine entrances by 69% (aRR = 0.31, [0.13, 0.75]) but not at food preparation areas (aRR = 0.92, [0.33, 2.6]). Half of (23/46) of individual flies were positive for culturable Escherichia coli, and we detected >/=1 pathogen gene from 45% (79/176) of flies, including enteropathogenic E. coli (37/176), adenovirus (25/176), Giardia spp. (13/176), and Trichuris trichiura (12/176). We detected >/=1 pathogen gene from half the flies caught in control (54%, 30/56) and intervention compounds (50%, 17/34) at baseline, which decreased 12 months post-intervention to 43% (23/53) at control compounds and 27% (9/33) for intervention compounds. These data indicate flies as a potentially important mechanical vector for enteric pathogen transmission in this setting. The intervention may have reduced the risk of fly-mediated enteric infection for some pathogens, but infrequent detection resulted in wide confidence intervals; we observed no apparent difference in infection risk between groups in a pooled estimate of all pathogens assessed (aRR = 0.84, [0.61, 1.2]). The infection risks posed by flies suggest that the design of sanitation systems and service delivery should include fly control measures to prevent enteric pathogen transmission.
Faculties and Departments:09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)
09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) > Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH) > Vector Biology > New Vector Control Interventions (Moore)
UniBasel Contributors:Irish, Seth
Item Type:Article, refereed
Article Subtype:Research Article
ISSN:0013-936X
Note:Publication type according to Uni Basel Research Database: Journal article
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Last Modified:13 Feb 2023 07:43
Deposited On:13 Feb 2023 07:43

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