Scanning gate experiments: From strongly to weakly invasive probes

An open resonator fabricated in a two-dimensional electron gas is used to explore the transition from strongly invasive scanning gate microscopy to the perturbative regime of weak tip-induced potentials. With the help of numerical simulations that faithfully reproduce the main experimental findings, we quantify the extent of the perturbative regime in which the tip-induced conductance change is unambiguously determined by properties of the unperturbed system. The correspondence between the experimental and numerical results is established by analyzing the characteristic length scale and the amplitude modulation of the conductance change. In the perturbative regime, the former is shown to assume a disorder-dependent maximum value, while the latter linearly increases with the strength of a weak tip potential.