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The duration of chemoprophylaxis against malaria after treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine and the effects of pfmdr1 86Y and pfcrt 76T: a meta-analysis of individual patient data

Bretscher, Michael T. and Dahal, Prabin and Griffin, Jamie and Stepniewska, Kasia and Bassat, Quique and Baudin, Elisabeth and D'Alessandro, Umberto and Djimde, Abdoulaye A. and Dorsey, Grant and Espié, Emmanuelle and Fofana, Bakary and González, Raquel and Juma, Elizabeth and Karema, Corine and Lasry, Estrella and Lell, Bertrand and Lima, Nines and Menéndez, Clara and Mombo-Ngoma, Ghyslain and Moreira, Clarissa and Nikiema, Frederic and Ouédraogo, Jean B. and Staedke, Sarah G. and Tinto, Halidou and Valea, Innocent and Yeka, Adoke and Ghani, Azra C. and Guerin, Philippe J. and Okell, Lucy C.. (2020) The duration of chemoprophylaxis against malaria after treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine and the effects of pfmdr1 86Y and pfcrt 76T: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC medicine, 18. p. 47.

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Abstract

The majority of Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases in Africa are treated with the artemisinin combination therapies artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ), with amodiaquine being also widely used as part of seasonal malaria chemoprevention programs combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. While artemisinin derivatives have a short half-life, lumefantrine and amodiaquine may give rise to differing durations of post-treatment prophylaxis, an important additional benefit to patients in higher transmission areas.; We analyzed individual patient data from 8 clinical trials of AL versus AS-AQ in 12 sites in Africa (n = 4214 individuals). The time to PCR-confirmed reinfection after treatment was used to estimate the duration of post-treatment protection, accounting for variation in transmission intensity between settings using hidden semi-Markov models. Accelerated failure-time models were used to identify potential effects of covariates on the time to reinfection. The estimated duration of chemoprophylaxis was then used in a mathematical model of malaria transmission to determine the potential public health impact of each drug when used for first-line treatment.; We estimated a mean duration of post-treatment protection of 13.0 days (95% CI 10.7-15.7) for AL and 15.2 days (95% CI 12.8-18.4) for AS-AQ overall. However, the duration varied significantly between trial sites, from 8.7-18.6 days for AL and 10.2-18.7 days for AS-AQ. Significant predictors of time to reinfection in multivariable models were transmission intensity, age, drug, and parasite genotype. Where wild type pfmdr1 and pfcrt parasite genotypes predominated ( 80%), AL provided up to 1.5-fold longer protection than AS-AQ. Our simulations found that these differences in the duration of protection could alter population-level clinical incidence of malaria by up to 14% in under-5-year-old children when the drugs were used as first-line treatments in areas with high, seasonal transmission.; Choosing a first-line treatment which provides optimal post-treatment prophylaxis given the local prevalence of resistance-associated markers could make a significant contribution to reducing malaria morbidity.
Faculties and Departments:03 Faculty of Medicine > Departement Public Health > Sozial- und Präventivmedizin > Malaria Vaccines (Tanner)
09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) > Former Units within Swiss TPH > Malaria Vaccines (Tanner)
09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)
UniBasel Contributors:Karema, Corine Kakizi
Item Type:Article, refereed
Article Subtype:Research Article
Publisher:BioMed Central
ISSN:1741-7015
Note:Publication type according to Uni Basel Research Database: Journal article
Language:English
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Last Modified:05 Mar 2020 13:01
Deposited On:05 Mar 2020 13:01

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