edoc

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Stanaway, Jeffrey D and Afshin, Ashkan and Gakidou, Emmanuela and Lim, Stephen S and Abate, Degu and Abate, Kalkidan Hassen and Abbafati, Cristiana and Abbasi, Nooshin and Abbastabar, Hedayat and Abd-Allah, Foad and Abdela, Jemal and Abdelalim, Ahmed and Abdollahpour, Ibrahim and Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi and Abebe, Molla and Abebe, Zegeye and Abera, Semaw F and Abil, Olifan Zewdie and Abraha, Haftom Niguse and Abrham, Aklilu Roba and Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME and Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou and Acharya, Dilaram and Acharya, Pawan and Adamu, Abdu A and Adane, Akilew Awoke and Adebayo, Oladimeji M and Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji and Adekanmbi, Victor and Ademi, Zanfina and Adetokunboh, Olatunji O and Adib, Mina G and Admasie, Amha and Adsuar, Jose C and Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko and Afarideh, Mohsen and Agarwal, Gina and Aggarwal, Anju and Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi and Agrawal, Anurag and Agrawal, Sutapa and Ahmadi, Alireza and Ahmadi, Mehdi and Ahmadieh, Hamid and Ahmed, Muktar Beshir and Aichour, Amani Nidhal and Aichour, Ibtihel and Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine and Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil and Akinyemiju, Tomi and Akseer, Nadia and Al-Aly, Ziyad and Al-Eyadhy, Ayman and Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M and Alahdab, Fares and Alam, Khurshid and Alam, Samiah and Alam, Tahiya and Alashi, Alaa and Alavian, Seyed Moayed and Alene, Kefyalew Addis and Ali, Komal and Ali, Syed Mustafa and Alijanzadeh, Mehran and Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza and Aljunid, Syed Mohamed and Alkerwi, Ala'a and Alla, François and Alsharif, Ubai and Altirkawi, Khalid and Alvis-Guzman, Nelson and Amare, Azmeraw T and Ammar, Walid and Anber, Nahla Hamed and Anderson, Jason A and Andrei, Catalina Liliana and Androudi, Sofia and Animut, Megbaru Debalkie and Anjomshoa, Mina and Ansha, Mustafa Geleto and Antó, Josep M and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T and Anwari, Palwasha and Appiah, Lambert Tetteh and Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw and Arabloo, Jalal and Aremu, Olatunde and Ärnlöv, Johan and Artaman, Al and Aryal, Krishna K and Asayesh, Hamid and Ataro, Zerihun and Ausloos, Marcel and Avokpaho, Euripide F G A and Awasthi, Ashish and Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina and Ayer, Rakesh and Ayuk, Tambe B and Azzopardi, Peter S and Babazadeh, Arefeh and Badali, Hamid and Badawi, Alaa and Balakrishnan, Kalpana and Bali, Ayele Geleto and Ball, Kylie and Ballew, Shoshana H and Banach, Maciej and Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar and Barac, Aleksandra and Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn and Bärnighausen, Till Winfried and Barrero, Lope H and Basu, Sanjay and Baune, Bernhard T and Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad and Bedi, Neeraj and Beghi, Ettore and Behzadifar, Masoud and Behzadifar, Meysam and Béjot, Yannick and Bekele, Bayu Begashaw and Bekru, Eyasu Tamru and Belay, Ezra and Belay, Yihalem Abebe and Bell, Michelle L and Bello, Aminu K and Bennett, Derrick A and Bensenor, Isabela M and Bergeron, Gilles and Berhane, Adugnaw and Bernabe, Eduardo and Bernstein, Robert S and Beuran, Mircea and Beyranvand, Tina and Bhala, Neeraj and Bhalla, Ashish and Bhattarai, Suraj and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Biadgo, Belete and Bijani, Ali and Bikbov, Boris and Bilano, Ver and Bililign, Nigus and Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat and Bisanzio, Donal and Biswas, Tuhin and Bjørge, Tone and Blacker, Brigette F and Bleyer, Archie and Borschmann, Rohan and Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R and Boufous, Soufiane and Bourne, Rupert and Brady, Oliver J and Brauer, Michael and Brazinova, Alexandra and Breitborde, Nicholas J K and Brenner, Hermann and Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich and Britton, Gabrielle and Brugha, Traolach and Buchbinder, Rachelle and Burnett, Richard T and Busse, Reinhard and Butt, Zahid A and Cahill, Leah E and Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero and Campos-Nonato, Ismael R and Cárdenas, Rosario and Carreras, Giulia and Carrero, Juan J and Carvalho, Félix and Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A and Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline and Castro, Franz and Catalá-López, Ferrán and Causey, Kate and Cercy, Kelly M and Cerin, Ester and Chaiah, Yazan and Chang, Hsing-Yi and Chang, Jung-Chen and Chang, Kai-Lan and Charlson, Fiona J and Chattopadhyay, Aparajita and Chattu, Vijay Kumar and Chee, Miao Li and Cheng, Ching-Yu and Chew, Adrienne and Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia and Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel and Chin, Ken Lee and Chitheer, Abdulaal and Choi, Jee-Young J and Chowdhury, Rajiv and Christensen, Hanne and Christopher, Devasahayam J and Chung, Sheng-Chia and Cicuttini, Flavia M and Cirillo, Massimo and Cohen, Aaron J and Collado-Mateo, Daniel and Cooper, Cyrus and Cooper, Owen R and Coresh, Josef and Cornaby, Leslie and Cortesi, Paolo Angelo and Cortinovis, Monica and Costa, Megan and Cousin, Ewerton and Criqui, Michael H and Cromwell, Elizabeth A and Cundiff, David K and Daba, Alemneh Kabeta and Dachew, Berihun Assefa and Dadi, Abel Fekadu and Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura and Dandona, Lalit and Dandona, Rakhi and Darby, Sarah C and Dargan, Paul I and Daryani, Ahmad and Das Gupta, Rajat and Das Neves, José and Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye and Dash, Aditya Prasad and Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil and Davletov, Kairat and De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa and De La Hoz, Fernando Pio and De Leo, Diego and De Neve, Jan-Walter and Degenhardt, Louisa and Deiparine, Selina and Dellavalle, Robert P and Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam and Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar and Deribe, Kebede and Dervenis, Nikolaos and Deshpande, Aniruddha and Des Jarlais, Don C and Dessie, Getenet Ayalew and Deveber, Gabrielle Aline and Dey, Subhojit and Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda and Dhimal, Meghnath and Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese and Ding, Eric L and Diro, Helen Derara and Djalalinia, Shirin and Do, Huyen Phuc and Dokova, Klara and Doku, David Teye and Doyle, Kerrie E and Driscoll, Tim R and Dubey, Manisha and Dubljanin, Eleonora and Duken, Eyasu Ejeta and Duncan, Bruce B and Duraes, Andre R and Ebert, Natalie and Ebrahimi, Hedyeh and Ebrahimpour, Soheil and Edvardsson, David and Effiong, Andem and Eggen, Anne Elise and El Bcheraoui, Charbel and El-Khatib, Ziad and Elyazar, Iqbal Rf and Enayati, Ahmadali and Endries, Aman Yesuf and Er, Benjamin and Erskine, Holly E and Eskandarieh, Sharareh and Esteghamati, Alireza and Estep, Kara and Fakhim, Hamed and Faramarzi, Mahbobeh and Fareed, Mohammad and Farid, Talha A and Farinha, Carla Sofia E sá and Farioli, Andrea and Faro, Andre and Farvid, Maryam S and Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein and Fatima, Batool and Fay, Kairsten A and Fazaeli, Ali Akbar and Feigin, Valery L and Feigl, Andrea B and Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad and Fernandes, Eduarda and Fernandes, Joao C and Ferrara, Giannina and Ferrari, Alize J and Ferreira, Manuela L and Filip, Irina and Finger, Jonas David and Fischer, Florian and Foigt, Nataliya A and Foreman, Kyle J and Fukumoto, Takeshi and Fullman, Nancy and Fürst, Thomas and Furtado, João M and Futran, Neal D and Gall, Seana and Gallus, Silvano and Gamkrelidze, Amiran and Ganji, Morsaleh and Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L and Gardner, William M and Gebre, Abadi Kahsu and Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay and Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo and Gelano, Tilayie Feto and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea and Gething, Peter W and Gezae, Kebede Embaye and Ghadimi, Reza and Ghadiri, Keyghobad and Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil and Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam and Ghimire, Mamata and Ghosh, Rakesh and Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal and Giampaoli, Simona and Gill, Paramjit Singh and Gill, Tiffany K and Gillum, Richard F and Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed and Giussani, Giorgia and Gnedovskaya, Elena V and Godwin, William W and Goli, Srinivas and Gómez-Dantés, Hector and Gona, Philimon N and Gopalani, Sameer Vali and Goulart, Alessandra C and Grada, Ayman and Grams, Morgan E and Grosso, Giuseppe and Gugnani, Harish Chander and Guo, Yuming and Gupta, Rahul and Gupta, Rajeev and Gupta, Tanush and Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma and Gutiérrez-Torres, Daniela S and Haagsma, Juanita A and Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie and Hachinski, Vladimir and Hafezi-Nejad, Nima and Hagos, Tekleberhan B and Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa and Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa and Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin and Haj-Mirzaian, Arya and Hamadeh, Randah R and Hamidi, Samer and Handal, Alexis J and Hankey, Graeme J and Hao, Yuantao and Harb, Hilda L and Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai and Haro, Josep Maria and Hassankhani, Hadi and Hassen, Hamid Yimam and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hawley, Caitlin N and Hay, Simon I and Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar and Heibati, Behzad and Heidari, Behnam and Heidari, Mohsen and Hendrie, Delia and Henok, Andualem and Heredia-Pi, Ileana and Herteliu, Claudiu and Heydarpour, Fatemeh and Heydarpour, Sousan and Hibstu, Desalegn T and Higazi, Tarig B and Hilawe, Esayas Haregot and Hoek, Hans W and Hoffman, Howard J and Hole, Michael K and Homaie Rad, Enayatollah and Hoogar, Praveen and Hosgood, H Dean and Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa and Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi and Hostiuc, Mihaela and Hostiuc, Sorin and Hoy, Damian G and Hsairi, Mohamed and Hsiao, Thomas and Hu, Guoqing and Hu, Howard and Huang, John J and Hussen, Mamusha Aman and Huynh, Chantal K and Iburg, Kim Moesgaard and Ikeda, Nayu and Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen and Iqbal, Usman and Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi and Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter and Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Islami, Farhad and Jackson, Maria D and Jacobsen, Kathryn H and Jahangiry, Leila and Jahanmehr, Nader and Jain, Sudhir Kumar and Jakovljevic, Mihajlo and James, Spencer L and Jassal, Simerjot K and Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra and Jeemon, Panniyammakal and Jha, Ravi Prakash and Jha, Vivekanand and Ji, John S and Jonas, Jost B and Jonnagaddala, Jitendra and Jorjoran Shushtari, Zahra and Joshi, Ankur and Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy and Jürisson, Mikk and Kabir, Zubair and Kahsay, Amaha and Kalani, Rizwan and Kanchan, Tanuj and Kant, Surya and Kar, Chittaranjan and Karami, Manoochehr and Karami Matin, Behzad and Karch, André and Karema, Corine and Karimi, Narges and Karimi, Seyed M and Kasaeian, Amir and Kassa, Dessalegn H and Kassa, Getachew Mullu and Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale and Kassebaum, Nicholas J and Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal and Kaul, Anil and Kawakami, Norito and Kazemi, Zhila and Karyani, Ali Kazemi and Kefale, Adane Teshome and Keiyoro, Peter Njenga and Kemp, Grant Rodgers and Kengne, Andre Pascal and Keren, Andre and Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khafaei, Behzad and Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif and Khajavi, Alireza and Khalid, Nauman and Khalil, Ibrahim A and Khan, Gulfaraz and Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb and Khan, Muhammad Ali and Khang, Young-Ho and Khater, Mona M and Khazaei, Mohammad and Khazaie, Habibolah and Khoja, Abdullah T and Khosravi, Ardeshir and Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein and Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A and Kiirithio, Daniel N and Kim, Cho-Il and Kim, Daniel and Kim, Young-Eun and Kim, Yun Jin and Kimokoti, Ruth W and Kinfu, Yohannes and Kisa, Adnan and Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna and Kivimäki, Mika and Knibbs, Luke D and Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo and Kochhar, Sonali and Kokubo, Yoshihiro and Kolola, Tufa and Kopec, Jacek A and Kosen, Soewarta and Koul, Parvaiz A and Koyanagi, Ai and Kravchenko, Michael A and Krishan, Kewal and Krohn, Kristopher J and Kromhout, Hans and Kuate Defo, Barthelemy and Kucuk Bicer, Burcu and Kumar, G Anil and Kumar, Manasi and Kuzin, Igor and Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe and Lachat, Carl and Lad, Deepesh P and Lad, Sheetal D and Lafranconi, Alessandra and Lalloo, Ratilal and Lallukka, Tea and Lami, Faris Hasan and Lang, Justin J and Lansingh, Van C and Larson, Samantha Leigh and Latifi, Arman and Lazarus, Jeffrey V and Lee, Paul H and Leigh, James and Leili, Mostafa and Leshargie, Cheru Tesema and Leung, Janni and Levi, Miriam and Lewycka, Sonia and Li, Shanshan and Li, Yichong and Liang, Juan and Liang, Xiaofeng and Liao, Yu and Liben, Misgan Legesse and Lim, Lee-Ling and Linn, Shai and Liu, Shiwei and Lodha, Rakesh and Logroscino, Giancarlo and Lopez, Alan D and Lorkowski, Stefan and Lotufo, Paulo A and Lozano, Rafael and Lucas, Tim C D and Lunevicius, Raimundas and Ma, Stefan and Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King and Machado, Ísis Eloah and Madotto, Fabiana and Mai, Hue Thi and Majdan, Marek and Majdzadeh, Reza and Majeed, Azeem and Malekzadeh, Reza and Malta, Deborah Carvalho and Mamun, Abdullah A and Manda, Ana-Laura and Manguerra, Helena and Mansournia, Mohammad Ali and Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni and Maravilla, Joemer C and Marcenes, Wagner and Marks, Ashley and Martin, Randall V and Martins, Sheila C O and Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio and März, Winfried and Marzan, Melvin B and Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard and Mathur, Manu Raj and Mathur, Prashant and Matsushita, Kunihiro and Maulik, Pallab K and Mazidi, Mohsen and McAlinden, Colm and McGrath, John J and McKee, Martin and Mehrotra, Ravi and Mehta, Kala M and Mehta, Varshil and Meier, Toni and Mekonnen, Fantahun Ayenew and Melaku, Yohannes A and Melese, Addisu and Melku, Mulugeta and Memiah, Peter T N and Memish, Ziad A and Mendoza, Walter and Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese and Mensah, George A and Mensink, Gert B M and Mereta, Seid Tiku and Meretoja, Atte and Meretoja, Tuomo J and Mestrovic, Tomislav and Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane and Miazgowski, Bartosz and Miazgowski, Tomasz and Millear, Anoushka I and Miller, Ted R and Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine and Mini, G K and Mirarefin, Mojde and Mirica, Andreea and Mirrakhimov, Erkin M and Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen and Mitiku, Habtamu and Moazen, Babak and Mohajer, Bahram and Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin and Mohammadi, Moslem and Mohammadifard, Noushin and Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa and Mohammed, Shafiu and Mohebi, Farnam and Mokdad, Ali H and Molokhia, Mariam and Momeniha, Fatemeh and Monasta, Lorenzo and Moodley, Yoshan and Moradi, Ghobad and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moradinazar, Mehdi and Moraga, Paula and Morawska, Lidia and Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana and Morrison, Shane Douglas and Moschos, Marilita M and Mouodi, Simin and Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam and Mozaffarian, Dariush and Mruts, Kalayu Brhane and Muche, Achenef Asmamaw and Muchie, Kindie Fentahun and Mueller, Ulrich Otto and Muhammed, Oumer Sada and Mukhopadhyay, Satinath and Muller, Kate and Musa, Kamarul Imran and Mustafa, Ghulam and Nabhan, Ashraf F and Naghavi, Mohsen and Naheed, Aliya and Nahvijou, Azin and Naik, Gurudatta and Naik, Nitish and Najafi, Farid and Nangia, Vinay and Nansseu, Jobert Richie and Nascimento, Bruno Ramos and Neal, Bruce and Neamati, Nahid and Negoi, Ionut and Negoi, Ruxandra Irina and Neupane, Subas and Newton, Charles Richard James and Ngunjiri, Josephine W and Nguyen, Anh Quynh and Nguyen, Grant and Nguyen, Ha Thu and Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi and Nguyen, Huong Thanh and Nguyen, Minh and Nguyen, Nam Ba and Nichols, Emma and Nie, Jing and Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini and Nirayo, Yirga Legesse and Nishi, Nobuo and Nixon, Molly R and Nojomi, Marzieh and Nomura, Shuhei and Norheim, Ole F and Noroozi, Mehdi and Norrving, Bo and Noubiap, Jean Jacques and Nouri, Hamid Reza and Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe and Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza and Nsoesie, Elaine O and Nyasulu, Peter S and Obermeyer, Carla M and Odell, Christopher M and Ofori-Asenso, Richard and Ogbo, Felix Akpojene and Oh, In-Hwan and Oladimeji, Olanrewaju and Olagunju, Andrew T and Olagunju, Tinuke O and Olivares, Pedro R and Olsen, Helen Elizabeth and Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola and Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun and Ong, Kanyin L and Ong, Sok King and Oren, Eyal and Orpana, Heather M and Ortiz, Alberto and Ota, Erika and Otstavnov, Stanislav S and Øverland, Simon and Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo and P A, Mahesh and Pacella, Rosana and Pakhare, Abhijit P and Pakpour, Amir H and Pana, Adrian and Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra and Park, Eun-Kee and Parry, Charles D H and Parsian, Hadi and Patel, Shanti and Pati, Sanghamitra and Patil, Snehal T and Patle, Ajay and Patton, George C and Paudel, Deepak and Paulson, Katherine R and Paz Ballesteros, Wayra Citlali and Pearce, Neil and Pereira, Alexandre and Pereira, David M and Perico, Norberto and Pesudovs, Konrad and Petzold, Max and Pham, Hai Quang and Phillips, Michael R and Pillay, Julian David and Piradov, Michael A and Pirsaheb, Meghdad and Pischon, Tobias and Pishgar, Farhad and Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer and Plass, Dietrich and Polinder, Suzanne and Polkinghorne, Kevan R and Postma, Maarten J and Poulton, Richie and Pourshams, Akram and Poustchi, Hossein and Prabhakaran, Dorairaj and Prakash, Swayam and Prasad, Narayan and Purcell, Caroline A and Purwar, Manorama B and Qorbani, Mostafa and Radfar, Amir and Rafay, Anwar and Rafiei, Alireza and Rahim, Fakher and Rahimi, Zohreh and Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin and Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa and Rahman, Mahfuzar and Rahman, Mohammad Hifz ur and Rahman, Muhammad Aziz and Rai, Rajesh Kumar and Rajati, Fatemeh and Rajsic, Sasa and Raju, Sree Bhushan and Ram, Usha and Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal and Ranjan, Prabhat and Rath, Goura Kishor and Rawaf, David Laith and Rawaf, Salman and Reddy, K Srinath and Rehm, Colin D and Rehm, Jürgen and Reiner, Robert C and Reitsma, Marissa B and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Renzaho, Andre M N and Resnikoff, Serge and Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam and Rezaei, Satar and Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P and Rivera, Juan A and Roba, Kedir Teji and Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia and Roever, Leonardo and Román, Yesenia and Ronfani, Luca and Roshandel, Gholamreza and Rostami, Ali and Roth, Gregory A and Rothenbacher, Dietrich and Roy, Ambuj and Rubagotti, Enrico and Rushton, Lesley and Sabanayagam, Charumathi and Sachdev, Perminder S and Saddik, Basema and Sadeghi, Ehsan and Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar and Safari, Hosein and Safari, Yahya and Safari-Faramani, Roya and Safdarian, Mahdi and Safi, Sare and Safiri, Saeid and Sagar, Rajesh and Sahebkar, Amirhossein and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Sajadi, Haniye Sadat and Salam, Nasir and Salamati, Payman and Saleem, Zikria and Salimi, Yahya and Salimzadeh, Hamideh and Salomon, Joshua A and Salvi, Devashri Digvijay and Salz, Inbal and Samy, Abdallah M and Sanabria, Juan and Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores and Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G and Sanders, Taren and Sang, Yingying and Santomauro, Damian Francesco and Santos, Itamar S and Santos, João Vasco and Santric Milicevic, Milena M and Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi and Sardana, Mayank and Sarker, Abdur Razzaque and Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo and Sarrafzadegan, Nizal and Sartorius, Benn and Sarvi, Shahabeddin and Sathian, Brijesh and Satpathy, Maheswar and Sawant, Arundhati R and Sawhney, Monika and Saylan, Mete and Sayyah, Mehdi and Schaeffner, Elke and Schmidt, Maria Inês and Schneider, Ione J C and Schöttker, Ben and Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth and Schwebel, David C and Schwendicke, Falk and Scott, James G and Seedat, Soraya and Sekerija, Mario and Sepanlou, Sadaf G and Serre, Marc L and Serván-Mori, Edson and Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba and Shabaninejad, Hosein and Shaddick, Gavin and Shafieesabet, Azadeh and Shahbazi, Mehdi and Shaheen, Amira A and Shaikh, Masood Ali and Shamah Levy, Teresa and Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran and Shamsi, Mohammadbagher and Sharafi, Heidar and Sharafi, Kiomars and Sharif, Mehdi and Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi and Sharifi, Hamid and Sharma, Jayendra and Sharma, Meenakshi and Sharma, Rajesh and She, Jun and Sheikh, Aziz and Shi, Peilin and Shibuya, Kenji and Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay and Shigematsu, Mika and Shin, Min-Jeong and Shiri, Rahman and Shirkoohi, Reza and Shiue, Ivy and Shokraneh, Farhad and Shoman, Haitham and Shrime, Mark G and Shupler, Matthew S and Si, Si and Siabani, Soraya and Sibai, Abla Mehio and Siddiqi, Tariq J and Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora and Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig and Silva, Diego Augusto Santos and Silva, João Pedro and Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves and Singh, Jasvinder A and Singh, Narinder Pal and Singh, Virendra and Sinha, Dhirendra Narain and Skiadaresi, Eirini and Skirbekk, Vegard and Smith, David L and Smith, Mari and Sobaih, Badr Hasan and Sobhani, Soheila and Somayaji, Ranjani and Soofi, Moslem and Sorensen, Reed J D and Soriano, Joan B and Soyiri, Ireneous N and Spinelli, Angela and Sposato, Luciano A and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T and Srinivasan, Vinay and Starodubov, Vladimir I and Steckling, Nadine and Stein, Dan J and Stein, Murray B and Stevanovic, Goran and Stockfelt, Leo and Stokes, Mark A and Sturua, Lela and Subart, Michelle L and Sudaryanto, Agus and Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale and Sulo, Gerhard and Sunguya, Bruno F and Sur, Patrick John and Sykes, Bryan L and Szoeke, Cassandra E I and Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael and Tabuchi, Takahiro and Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar and Takahashi, Ken and Tandon, Nikhil and Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel and Tavakkoli, Mohammad and Taveira, Nuno and Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash and Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw and Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey and Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin and Temesgen, Habtamu and Temsah, Mohamad-Hani and Temsah, Omar and Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman and Tessema, Belay and Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu and Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman and Theis, Andrew and Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish and Thomas, Hannah J and Thomas, Matthew Lloyd and Thomas, Nihal and Thurston, George D and Tilahun, Binyam and Tillmann, Taavi and To, Quyen G and Tobollik, Myriam and Tonelli, Marcello and Topor-Madry, Roman and Torre, Anna E and Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel and Touvier, Mathilde and Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto and Towbin, Jeffrey A and Tran, Bach Xuan and Tran, Khanh Bao and Truelsen, Thomas Clement and Truong, Nu Thi and Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel and Tudor Car, Lorainne and Tuzcu, E Murat and Tymeson, Hayley D and Tyrovolas, Stefanos and Ukwaja, Kingsley N and Ullah, Irfan and Updike, Rachel L and Usman, Muhammad Shariq and Uthman, Olalekan A and Vaduganathan, Muthiah and Vaezi, Afsane and Valdez, Pascual R and Van Donkelaar, Aaron and Varavikova, Elena and Varughese, Santosh and Vasankari, Tommi Juhani and Venkateswaran, Vidhya and Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy and Villafaina, Santos and Violante, Francesco S and Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch and Vlassov, Vasily and Vollset, Stein Emil and Vos, Theo and Vosoughi, Kia and Vu, Giang Thu and Vujcic, Isidora S and Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw and Waheed, Yasir and Waller, Stephen G and Walson, Judd L and Wang, Yafeng and Wang, Yanping and Wang, Yuan-Pang and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Weintraub, Robert G and Weldegebreal, Fitsum and Werdecker, Andrea and Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew and West, J Jason and Westerman, Ronny and Whiteford, Harvey A and Widecka, Justyna and Wijeratne, Tissa and Winkler, Andrea Sylvia and Wiyeh, Alison B and Wiysonge, Charles Shey and Wolfe, Charles D A and Wong, Tien Yin and Wu, Shouling and Xavier, Denis and Xu, Gelin and Yadgir, Simon and Yadollahpour, Ali and Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein and Yamada, Tomohide and Yan, Lijing L and Yano, Yuichiro and Yaseri, Mehdi and Yasin, Yasin Jemal and Yeshaneh, Alex and Yimer, Ebrahim M and Yip, Paul and Yisma, Engida and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yoon, Seok-Jun and Yotebieng, Marcel and Younis, Mustafa Z and Yousefifard, Mahmoud and Yu, Chuanhua and Zaidi, Zoubida and Zaman, Sojib Bin and Zamani, Mohammad and Zavala-Arciniega, Luis and Zhang, Anthony Lin and Zhang, Hao and Zhang, Kai and Zhou, Maigeng and Zimsen, Stephanie R M and Zodpey, Sanjay and Murray, Christopher J L. (2018) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392 (10159). pp. 1923-1994.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations.
METHODS:
We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
FINDINGS:
In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3-35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14-1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6-62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3-50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39-11·5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83-7·37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23-8·23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99-6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36-1·51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3-6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low.
INTERPRETATION:
By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.
Faculties and Departments:09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) > Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH) > Health Interventions > Malaria Interventions (Lengeler)
09 Associated Institutions > Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) > Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH) > Household Economics and Health Systems Research > Household Health Systems (Mäusezahl)
UniBasel Contributors:Fürst, Thomas
Item Type:Article, refereed
Article Subtype:Research Article
Publisher:Elsevier
ISSN:0140-6736
e-ISSN:1474-547X
Note:Publication type according to Uni Basel Research Database: Journal article
Language:English
Identification Number:
edoc DOI:
Last Modified:09 Apr 2019 15:06
Deposited On:21 Dec 2018 09:59

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