Salmonella-Induced Mucosal Lectin RegIIIbeta Kills Competing Gut Microbiota

Intestinal inflammation induces alterations of the gut microbiota and promotes overgrowth of the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica by largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we identified a host factor involved in this process. Specifically, the C-type lectin RegIIIbeta is strongly upregulated during mucosal infection and released into the gut lumen. In vitro, RegIIIbeta kills diverse commensal gut bacteria but not Salmonella enterica subspecies I serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Protection of the pathogen was attributable to its specific cell envelope structure. Co-infection experiments with an avirulent S. Typhimurium mutant and a RegIIIbeta-sensitive commensal E. coli strain demonstrated that feeding of RegIIIbeta was sufficient for suppressing commensals in the absence of all other changes inflicted by mucosal disease. These data suggest that RegIIIbeta production by the host can promote S. Typhimurium infection by eliminating inhibitory gut microbiota.