Partitioning between benthic and pelagic nitrate reduction in the Lake Lugano south basin

We evaluated the seasonal variation of denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates in the sediments and the integrative N (and O) isotopic signatures of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) compounds in the overlying water column of the monomictic Lake Lugano south basin. Denitrification was the dominant NO3- reduction pathway, whereas the contribution of anammox and DNRA to total benthic NO3- reduction was, 6% and, 12%, respectively. Sedimentary denitrification rates were highest (up to 57.2 6 16.8 mmol N m22 h21) during fully oxic bottom water conditions. With the formation of seasonal bottom water anoxia, NO3- reduction was partitioned between water column and sedimentary processes. Total benthic NO3- reduction rates determined in N-15-label experiments and sediment-water interface N-2 fluxes as calculated from water column N-2 : Ar gradients revealed that sedimentary denitrification still accounted for, 40% of total N-2 production during bottom water anoxia. The partitioning between water column and sedimentary denitrification was further evaluated by the natural abundance stable N isotope composition of dissolved NO3-in the water column. With anaerobic bottom water conditions, water column NO3-concentrations gradually decreased, paralleled by an increase in delta N-15-and delta O-18-NO3-from approximately 7% to 20% and from 2% to 14%, respectively. Using a closed-system (Rayleigh) model, the N and O isotope effects associated with community NO3- consumption were 15e < 13.7% and 18e < 11.3%, respectively. With the assumptions of a relatively low net N isotope effect associated with sedimentary denitrification (i. e., 15esed 5 1.5-3%) vs. a fully expressed biological N isotope fractionation during water column denitrification (i. e., 15ewater 5 20-25%), our results confirm that 36-51% of NO3- reduction occurred within the sediment. The general agreement between the indirect (isotopic) approach and the flux and rate measurements suggests that water column nitrate isotope measurements can be used to distinguish between benthic and pelagic denitrification quantitatively.