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A two-stage cognitive theory of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Highlighting the role of lowered decision thresholds

Moritz, Steffen and Pfuhl, Gerit and Lüdtke, Thies and Menon, Mahesh and Balzan, Ryan P. and Andreou, Christina. (2017) A two-stage cognitive theory of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Highlighting the role of lowered decision thresholds. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 56. pp. 12-20.

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Abstract

We outline a two-stage heuristic account for the pathogenesis of the positive symptoms of psychosis.; A narrative review on the empirical evidence of the liberal acceptance (LA) account of positive symptoms is presented.; At the heart of our theory is the idea that psychosis is characterized by a lowered decision threshold, which results in the premature acceptance of hypotheses that a nonpsychotic individual would reject. Once the hypothesis is judged as valid, counterevidence is not sought anymore due to a bias against disconfirmatory evidence as well as confirmation biases, consolidating the false hypothesis. As a result of LA, confidence in errors is enhanced relative to controls. Subjective probabilities are initially low for hypotheses in individuals with delusions, and delusional ideas at stage 1 (belief formation) are often fragile. In the course of the second stage (belief maintenance), fleeting delusional ideas evolve into fixed false beliefs, particularly if the delusional idea is congruent with the emotional state and provides "meaning". LA may also contribute to hallucinations through a misattribution of (partially) normal sensory phenomena. Interventions such as metacognitive training that aim to "plant the seeds of doubt" decrease positive symptoms by encouraging individuals to seek more information and to attenuate confidence. The effect of antipsychotic medication is explained by its doubt-inducing properties.; The model needs to be confirmed by longitudinal designs that allow an examination of causal relationships. Evidence is currently weak for hallucinations.; The theory may account for positive symptoms in a subgroup of patients. Future directions are outlined.
Faculties and Departments:03 Faculty of Medicine > Bereich Psychiatrie (Klinik) > Erwachsenenpsychiatrie UPK > Erwachsenenpsychiatrie (Riecher-Rössler)
03 Faculty of Medicine > Departement Klinische Forschung > Bereich Psychiatrie (Klinik) > Erwachsenenpsychiatrie UPK > Erwachsenenpsychiatrie (Riecher-Rössler)
UniBasel Contributors:Andreou, Christina
Item Type:Article, refereed
Article Subtype:Research Article
Publisher:Elsevier
ISSN:0005-7916
e-ISSN:1873-7943
Note:Publication type according to Uni Basel Research Database: Journal article
Language:English
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Last Modified:24 Jan 2018 10:29
Deposited On:22 Jan 2018 16:08

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